基本原則
- 字尾發音是有聲子音或母音，發 /d/ 音
- 字尾發音是無聲子音，發 /t/ 音
- 字尾發音是 d 或 t，發 /ɪd/ 音
上網爬文找到的教學文章會告訴我們說，手按著喉嚨，發音時如果沒震動就是無聲子音，有震動就是有聲子音。但這種描述感覺很籠統，如果是剛接觸英文或者本身就沒抓到要領的人，看到這一段文字有講和沒講是一樣的，如果有實際的例子及筆記幫助會比較大。
在文章後段我貼了兩個 Youtube 影片連結，講解的非常詳細，可以前往學習。
(1) 字尾發音是有聲子音或母音，發 /d/ 音
母音
-
單母音 [i] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ] [ɑ] [o] [ɔ] [u] [ʊ] [ʌ] [ə] [ɚ] [ɝ]
-
雙母音 [aɪ] [aʊ] [ɔɪ]
範例
| 原型動詞 | 字尾發音 | 意思 | 過去分詞 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| offer | ɚ | 出價 | offered | d |
| play | ɪ | 玩 | played | d |
| debut | ju | 登場 | debuted | d |
字尾 y 通常發母音 /ɪ/，因此接上 ed 字尾後發 /d/ 音。
debut 字尾 t 不發音 (來自法文的外來語)，所以字尾尾音是 /ju/ 母音，因此加上 ed 發 /d/。
有聲子音
- [b]
[d][g] [v] [z] [ð] [ʒ] [dʒ] [l] [r] [m] [n] [ŋ] [j] [w]
/d/ 我將它劃線是因為它適用於原則 (3)
範例
| 原型動詞 | 字尾發音 | 意思 | 過去分詞 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| accuse | z | 指控 | accused | d |
| close | z | 關閉 | closed | d |
| arrive | v | 抵達 | arrived | d |
| call | l | 打電話 | called | d |
| open | n | 打開 | opened | d |
| love | v | 愛 | loved | d |
注意一下 close 字尾最後的音，雖然很多母語人士會念 /s/ 音或 /z/ 音很清淡不明顯，但實際上是 z。因此加上 d 後會發 d 音，而不是 t 音。
這種母語人士自己念法都有很多不同地方口音差別的，我自己也曾很困惑，在查看很多影片參考後，類似這種的只要挑自己尬意的口音來學就好。沒有一定的對錯。
(2) 字尾發音是無聲子音，發 /t/ 音
無聲子音
- [p]
[t][k] [f] [s] [θ] [ʃ] [tʃ] [h]
/t/ 我將它劃線是因為它適用於原則 (3)
範例
| 原型動詞 | 字尾發音 | 意思 | 過去分詞 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| discuss | s | 討論 | discussed | t |
| talk | k | 說話 | talked | t |
| laugh | f | 笑 | laughed | t |
| like | k | 喜歡 | liked | t |
| reach | tʃ | 到達 | reached | t |
| wash | ʃ | 洗 | washed | t |
| watch | tʃ | 看 | watched | t |
(3) 字尾發音是 d 或 t，發 /ɪd/ 音
範例
| 原型動詞 | 字尾發音 | 意思 | 過去分詞 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| need | d | 到達 | needed | ɪd |
| want | t | 想要 | wanted | ɪd |
| start | t | 開始 | started | ɪd |
優質 Youtube 教學影片
以下是我覺得不錯的教學影片，也是我常常拜訪學習的頻道。其中 Rachel’s English 在多年前發現時加入訂閱才6萬多訂閱者，現在已經一百多萬訂閱者，也讓我見識到每週持續發一個影片，日積月累就能成為一種成就。語言學習也是，就算現在我們程度不佳，只要堅持每天學習，像小寶寶一樣牙牙學語，最後總能達到目標。一起加油吧。
- 作者: ElementalEnglish – [前往 Yotube 觀看]
- 作者: Rachel’s English [前往 Yotube 觀看]
速查表
以下為動詞過去式、過去分詞型態字尾發音整理為一份速查表，方便查詢。依單字的字母排序。
A、B、C 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| achieved (achieve) | 2 | t |
| admired (admire) | 1 | d |
| admitted (admit) | 3 | ɪd |
| adopted (adopt) | 1 | d |
| advanced (advance) | 1 | d |
| advised (advise) | 1 | d |
| allowed (allow) | 1 | d |
| announced (announce) | 1 | d |
| answered (answer) | 1 | d |
| appreciated (appreciate) | 1 | d |
| arrived (arrive) | 1 | d |
| asked (ask) | 2 | t |
| attacked (attack) | 2 | t |
| backed (back) | 2 | t |
| baked (bake) | 2 | t |
| balanced (balance) | 2 | t |
| banned (ban) | 1 | d |
| based (base) | 2 | t |
| bathed (bathe) | 1 | ðd |
| battled (battle) | 1 | d |
| beamed (beam) | 1 | d |
| begged (beg) | 1 | d |
| behaved (behave) | 1 | d |
| belonged (belong) | 1 | d |
| benefited (benefit) | 2 | t |
| billed (bill) | 1 | d |
| blended (blend) | 1 | d |
| blessed (bless) | 2 | t |
| blinked (blink) | 2 | t |
| bloomed (bloom) | 1 | d |
| blushed (blush) | 2 | t |
| boarded (board) | 3 | ɪd |
| boiled (boil) | 1 | d |
| booked (book) | 2 | t |
| boosted (boost) | 3 | ɪd |
| borrowed (borrow) | 1 | oʊd |
| bothered (bother) | 1 | ðəd |
| bottled (bottle) | 1 | d |
| bounced (bounce) | 2 | t |
| bowed (bow) | 1 | d |
| boxed (box) | 2 | t |
| branded (brand) | 1 | d |
| breathed (breathe) | 1 | ðd |
| brewed (brew) | 1 | d |
| bricked (brick) | 2 | t |
| bridged (bridge) | 1 | d |
| brushed (brush) | 2 | t |
| budded (bud) | 3 | ɪd |
| budgeted (budget) | 3 | ɪd |
| bumped (bump) | 2 | t |
| burned (burn) | 1 | d |
| buried (bury) | 1 | d |
| buzzed (buzz) | 2 | d |
| celebrated (celebrate) | 1 | d |
| changed (change) | 1 | d |
| charged (charge) | 1 | d |
| checked (check) | 2 | t |
| cheered (cheer) | 1 | d |
| chilled (chill) | 1 | d |
| chopped (chop) | 2 | t |
| claimed (claim) | 1 | d |
| cleaned (clean) | 1 | d |
| cleared (clear) | 1 | d |
| climbed (climb) | 1 | d |
| closed (close) | 1 | d |
| coated (coat) | 3 | ɪd |
| colored (color) | 1 | d |
| complained (complain) | 1 | d |
| completed (complete) | 1 | d |
| confirmed (confirm) | 1 | d |
| connected (connect) | 2 | t |
| considered (consider) | 1 | d |
| cooked (cook) | 2 | t |
| copied (copy) | 1 | d |
| coughed (cough) | 2 | t |
| counted (count) | 3 | ɪd |
| crashed (crash) | 2 | t |
| created (create) | 1 | d |
| cried (cry) | 1 | d |
| crossed (cross) | 1 | t |
| crushed (crush) | 1 | t |
| cycled (cycle) | 1 | d |
D、E、F、G 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| danced (dance) | 2 | t |
| dared (dare) | 1 | d |
| dated (date) | 3 | ɪd |
| dealt (deal) | 2 | t |
| decided (decide) | 3 | ɪd |
| declined (decline) | 1 | d |
| decorated (decorate) | 3 | ɪd |
| delayed (delay) | 1 | d |
| deleted (delete) | 3 | ɪd |
| delivered (deliver) | 1 | d |
| demanded (demand) | 1 | d |
| denied (deny) | 1 | d |
| depended (depend) | 1 | d |
| described (describe) | 1 | d |
| deserved (deserve) | 1 | d |
| designed (design) | 1 | d |
| destroyed (destroy) | 1 | d |
| detected (detect) | 3 | ɪd |
| determined (determine) | 1 | d |
| developed (develop) | 2 | t |
| disagreed (disagree) | 1 | d |
| disappeared (disappear) | 1 | d |
| discovered (discover) | 1 | d |
| discussed (discuss) | 2 | t |
| disliked (dislike) | 2 | t |
| displayed (display) | 1 | d |
| divided (divide) | 3 | ɪd |
| donated (donate) | 3 | ɪd |
| downloaded (download) | 3 | ɪd |
| dragged (drag) | 1 | d |
| dreamed (dream) | 1 | d |
| dressed (dress) | 2 | t |
| drilled (drill) | 1 | d |
| dropped (drop) | 2 | t |
| dried (dry) | 1 | d |
| earned (earn) | 1 | d |
| echoed (echo) | 1 | d |
| edged (edge) | 1 | d |
| educated (educate) | 3 | ɪd |
| emptied (empty) | 1 | d |
| ended (end) | 3 | ɪd |
| enjoyed (enjoy) | 1 | d |
| entered (enter) | 1 | d |
| envied (envy) | 1 | d |
| escaped (escape) | 2 | t |
| estimated (estimate) | 3 | ɪd |
| evolved (evolve) | 1 | d |
| examined (examine) | 1 | d |
| excelled (excel) | 1 | d |
| exchanged (exchange) | 1 | d |
| expanded (expand) | 1 | d |
| explained (explain) | 1 | d |
| faced (face) | 2 | t |
| faded (fade) | 3 | ɪd |
| failed (fail) | 1 | d |
| faked (fake) | 2 | t |
| fancied (fancy) | 1 | d |
| farmed (farm) | 1 | d |
| fastened (fasten) | 1 | d |
| feared (fear) | 1 | d |
| featured (feature) | 1 | d |
| fed (feed) | 1 | d |
| filled (fill) | 1 | d |
| filmed (film) | 1 | d |
| finished (finish) | 2 | t |
| fished (fish) | 2 | t |
| fixed (fix) | 2 | t |
| fled (flee) | 1 | d |
| floated (float) | 3 | ɪd |
| flourished (flourish) | 2 | t |
| flowed (flow) | 1 | d |
| folded (fold) | 1 | d |
| followed (follow) | 1 | d |
| gazed (gaze) | 1 | d |
| gained (gain) | 1 | d |
| gathered (gather) | 1 | d |
| generated (generate) | 3 | ɪd |
| gifted (gift) | 3 | ɪd |
| glimpsed (glimpse) | 2 | t |
| glowed (glow) | 1 | d |
| grabbed (grab) | 1 | d |
| graded (grade) | 3 | ɪd |
| granted (grant) | 3 | ɪd |
| greeted (greet) | 3 | ɪd |
| grinned (grin) | 1 | d |
H、I、J、K 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| halted (halt) | 3 | ɪd |
| handed (hand) | 3 | ɪd |
| handled (handle) | 1 | d |
| happened (happen) | 1 | d |
| harassed (harass) | 1 | d |
| hated (hate) | 3 | ɪd |
| healed (heal) | 1 | d |
| heard (hear) | 1 | d |
| heated (heat) | 3 | ɪd |
| helped (help) | 2 | t |
| hesitated (hesitate) | 3 | ɪd |
| hid (hide) | 1 | d |
| hinted (hint) | 3 | ɪd |
| hired (hire) | 1 | d |
| hit (hit) | 2 | t |
| hoisted (hoist) | 3 | ɪd |
| hoped (hope) | 1 | d |
| hurried (hurry) | 1 | d |
| identified (identify) | 1 | d |
| ignored (ignore) | 1 | d |
| imaged (image) | 1 | d |
| imagined (imagine) | 1 | d |
| imitated (imitate) | 3 | ɪd |
| implemented (implement) | 3 | ɪd |
| impressed (impress) | 2 | t |
| improved (improve) | 1 | d |
| included (include) | 1 | d |
| increased (increase) | 2 | t |
| indicated (indicate) | 3 | ɪd |
| induced (induce) | 1 | d |
| influenced (influence) | 2 | t |
| informed (inform) | 1 | d |
| inhaled (inhale) | 1 | d |
| injected (inject) | 1 | ɪd |
| injured (injure) | 1 | d |
| inquired (inquire) | 1 | d |
| insisted (insist) | 3 | ɪd |
| joined (join) | 1 | d |
| judged (judge) | 1 | d |
| juggled (juggle) | 1 | d |
| jumped (jump) | 2 | t |
| kicked (kick) | 2 | t |
| killed (kill) | 1 | d |
| kissed (kiss) | 2 | t |
| knitted (knit) | 3 | ɪd |
| knocked (knock) | 2 | t |
L、M、N 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| labored (labor) | 1 | d |
| lacked (lack) | 2 | t |
| landed (land) | 3 | ɪd |
| lasted (last) | 3 | ɪd |
| laughed (laugh) | 2 | t |
| launched (launch) | 2 | t |
| learned (learn) | 1 | d |
| leased (lease) | 1 | d |
| left (leave) | 2 | t |
| lent (lend) | 2 | t |
| leveled (level) | 1 | d |
| licensed (license) | 1 | d |
| liked (like) | 2 | t |
| limped (limp) | 2 | t |
| listened (listen) | 1 | d |
| lived (live) | 1 | d |
| loaded (load) | 3 | ɪd |
| locked (lock) | 2 | t |
| longed (long) | 1 | d |
| mailed (mail) | 1 | d |
| maintained (maintain) | 1 | d |
| managed (manage) | 1 | d |
| marched (march) | 2 | t |
| marked (mark) | 2 | t |
| marveled (marvel) | 1 | d |
| matched (match) | 2 | t |
| matured (mature) | 1 | d |
| measured (measure) | 1 | d |
| melted (melt) | 3 | ɪd |
| memorized (memorize) | 1 | d |
| mentioned (mention) | 1 | d |
| merged (merge) | 1 | d |
| minded (mind) | 3 | ɪd |
| missed (miss) | 2 | t |
| mixed (mix) | 2 | t |
| moaned (moan) | 1 | d |
| modified (modify) | 1 | d |
| named (name) | 1 | d |
| nailed (nail) | 1 | d |
| narrated (narrate) | 3 | ɪd |
| navigated (navigate) | 3 | ɪd |
| needed (need) | 3 | ɪd |
| neglected (neglect) | 3 | ɪd |
| negotiated (negotiate) | 3 | ɪd |
| nested (nest) | 3 | ɪd |
| nodded (nod) | 3 | ɪd |
| noted (note) | 3 | ɪd |
| noticed (notice) | 2 | t |
| nourished (nourish) | 2 | t |
| nudged (nudge) | 1 | d |
| numbered (number) | 1 | d |
| nursed (nurse) | 2 | t |
| nurtured (nurture) | 2 | t |
O、P、Q 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| obeyed (obey) | 1 | d |
| objected (object) | 3 | ɪd |
| observed (observe) | 1 | d |
| obtained (obtain) | 1 | d |
| occupied (occupy) | 1 | d |
| occurred (occur) | 2 | d |
| offered (offer) | 2 | d |
| operated (operate) | 3 | ɪd |
| ordered (order) | 1 | d |
| organized (organize) | 1 | d |
| outlasted (outlast) | 3 | ɪd |
| outpaced (outpace) | 2 | t |
| overflowed (overflow) | 1 | oʊd |
| owed (owe) | 1 | oʊd |
| owned (own) | 1 | d |
| packed (pack) | 2 | t |
| painted (paint) | 3 | ɪd |
| panicked (panic) | 2 | t |
| passed (pass) | 2 | t |
| pasted (paste) | 3 | ɪd |
| paused (pause) | 1 | d |
| paved (pave) | 1 | d |
| peaked (peak) | 2 | t |
| peeled (peel) | 1 | d |
| perceived (perceive) | 1 | d |
| performed (perform) | 1 | d |
| permitted (permit) | 3 | ɪt |
| persisted (persist) | 3 | ɪd |
| persuaded (persuade) | 1 | d |
| picked (pick) | 2 | t |
| quacked (quack) | 2 | t |
| qualified (qualify) | 1 | d |
| quarreled (quarrel) | 2 | d |
| questioned (question) | 1 | d |
| queued (queue) | 2 | d |
| quizzed (quiz) | 2 | d |
R、S、T 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| raced (race) | 2 | t |
| rained (rain) | 1 | d |
| raised (raise) | 1 | d |
| ranked (rank) | 2 | t |
| reached (reach) | 2 | t |
| reacted (react) | 3 | ɪd |
| readied (ready) | 1 | d |
| realized (realize) | 1 | d |
| reasoned (reason) | 1 | d |
| reassured (reassure) | 1 | d |
| recalled (recall) | 1 | d |
| received (receive) | 1 | d |
| sailed (sail) | 1 | d |
| saved (save) | 1 | d |
| scared (scare) | 1 | d |
| scheduled (schedule) | 1 | d |
| sealed (seal) | 1 | d |
| searched (search) | 2 | t |
| seated (seat) | 3 | ɪd |
| seemed (seem) | 1 | d |
| selected (select) | 3 | ɪd |
| sensed (sense) | 2 | t |
| separated (separate) | 3 | ɪd |
| served (serve) | 1 | d |
| talked (talk) | 2 | t |
| targeted (target) | 3 | ɪd |
| tasted (taste) | 3 | ɪd |
| taught (teach) | 2 | t |
| termed (term) | 1 | d |
| tested (test) | 3 | ɪd |
| thanked (thank) | 2 | t |
| timed (time) | 1 | d |
| tolerated (tolerate) | 1 | d |
| touched (touch) | 2 | t |
| trained (train) | 1 | d |
| transformed (transform) | 1 | d |
U、V、W 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| uncovered (uncover) | 1 | d |
| understood (understand) | 1 | d |
| undertook (undertake) | 1 | d |
| underlined (underline) | 1 | d |
| updated (update) | 1 | d |
| urged (urge) | 1 | d |
| used (use) | 1 | d |
| valued (value) | 1 | d |
| vanished (vanish) | 2 | t |
| varied (vary) | 1 | d |
| viewed (view) | 1 | d |
| visited (visit) | 3 | ɪd |
| voiced (voice) | 2 | t |
| waited (wait) | 3 | ɪd |
| walked (walk) | 2 | t |
| warned (warn) | 1 | d |
| washed (wash) | 2 | t |
| watched (watch) | 2 | t |
| waved (wave) | 1 | d |
| welcomed (welcome) | 2 | t |
| wondered (wonder) | 1 | d |
| worked (work) | 2 | t |
| worried (worry) | 1 | d |
| wrapped (wrap) | 2 | t |
| wrecked (wreck) | 2 | t |
X、Y、Z 開頭的單字
| 過去分詞 (原型) | 原則 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|
| yawned (yawn) | 1 | d |
| yelled (yell) | 1 | d |
| yielded (yield) | 1 | d |
| yearned (yearn) | 1 | d |
| zoned (zone) | 1 | d |
| zoomed (zoom) | 1 | d |
進階分析
當我們了解了基本的發音原則，我們還可以深入瞭解一些特殊情況。在一些情境中，我們必須更加留心如何正確地發出過去式的字尾音。
音節重音
音節的重音在字尾的 d 或 ed 發音上也起著作用。如果一個單詞的重音音節在最後，字尾的 ed 通常會有更強的發音。
範例
| 原型動詞 | 字尾發音 | 意思 | 過去分詞 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rebel | ˈrɛbəl | 反叛 | rebelled | ld |
| benefit | fɪt | 獲益 | benefitted | ɪd |
外來語和特殊讀音
在英語中，有些外來語或特殊的單字，其過去式的字尾讀音不一定符合基本原則。這些單詞往往需要特殊記憶。
範例
| 原型動詞 | 字尾發音 | 意思 | 過去分詞 | 字尾發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| crochet | eɪ | 鉤針編織 | crocheted | ɪd |
實際練習
了解了基本原則和進階分析之後，實際的口說練習是不可或缺的。在開始練習前，準備一張紙和筆，在聽到的過去分詞旁邊做記號，表示自己是否能正確辨識出音效。以下是一些方法：
- 觀看上面提供的 Youtube 影片，跟隨影片中的發音進行模仿。
- 錄製自己的聲音，聽回放來檢查自己的發音是否正確。
- 與英語為母語的人進行交流，請求他們給予您發音的反饋。
總結
英文動詞過去式的字尾 d 和 ed 發音規則對於非英語母語的學習者來說，可能是一個挑戰。但通過瞭解基本原則、進階分析，並進行實際的練習，我們可以逐步改善我們的發音。重要的是要保持耐心和積極參與，並且不要害怕犯錯。隨著時間的推移，滴水穿石，您的發音和理解將會提高哦。
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